The Penalty of Imprisonment and the Rights of Prisoners in Islam and the West: A Comparative Study

عقوبة الحبس وحقوق السجناء في الإسلام و الغرب: دراسة مقارنة

Authors

  • Dr. Wajahat Khan Lecturer, University of Kotli, Kashmir.
  • Dr. Muhammad Tayyeb Nadeem Assistant Professor (Islamic Studies), National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad.
  • Dr. Naveed Altaf Khan Lecturer, International Islamic University of Islamabad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53575/a2.v5.04(21)15-30

Keywords:

Imprisonment, Rights of Imprisoners, Islamic Criminal Law, International Criminal Law, Prisoners

Abstract

Imprisonment is a restriction of human liberty; Punishment of imprisonment is accepted form in Islamic and modern western world. Evidences of imprisonment are found in Quran and the Sunnah as during the life time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), people used to be detained in the mosque. First jail was established during the time of Caliph Ali, in Islamic History. Islam allows to impose imprisonment on accused and convicted offenders and imprisonment even can be for a short time or in some cases it might be for life time. Islam considerers imprisonment as a discretionary punishment; the judge has an option to exercise punishment of imprisonment against any person if he thinks better for the reformation of any criminal.  Islamic teachings urge to provide prisoners with other rights as food, clothing, education and medical treatment in case of any health-related issue along with healthy environment for residing. Initially, in the west there was no concept of imprisonment, first time jail was established in 1552 in the UK. In the beginning prisoners were deprived of basic rights as proper residence, food, clothing and sanitation. In addition to it, they were maltreated by jail authorities. In 18th century, the reforms were introduced in the western world where new laws were made in favor of prisoners and prisoners were divided into different categories on which different facilities were provided to them. Imprisonment is considered as a primary punishment; it is being exercised against all sort of criminals whether it is in accordance with their nature of crimes or not.

References

Fiqh al-Mutaqaat wa'l-Sajun bin al-Shari'ah wa'l-Qanoon l-Daqtoor 'Abd al-Ghani Abu Ghadda, Al-Ma'mat al-Mulkat al-Saudiyyah, p. 21.

Anazar Maa Ruh Muslim Fi Bab Kitab-ul-Hadid Barakam 1696.

Ibn Majah, Abu 'Ubaydah ibn 'Abd Allah, ibn Abi Kitab al-Zuhad, Bab Dhikr al-Tababah, Barakam 4250, p. 619, Ta'dar al-Salam, Al-Wa'li, Muharram 1420, 1999.

Surah Al-NawrVerse 2.

Al-Sajan wa'l-Mujtabatah fi al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah al-Muqarna by Nizam al-Sa'jin wa'l-Tawqaif fi al-Ma'malqamah al-Sa'iwa'l-DaqtoorMuhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Jarawi, vol. 1, p. 85, Idra al-Thaqafah wa'l-Nashr al-Jami'ah, 1991.

Narrated by al-'Uthaymeen al-'Alayrah ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani: Al-Hadeeth al-Qafa'a'id al-Qafraat wa'l-Ta'ala wa'l-Hadeeth al-Hadeeth al-'Awqa'id al-Sa'ab al-Dinya al-Fa'farah al-'Awqa'ah al-'Awqa'ah al-'Awsa'ah al-'A'la'id al-'Awsa'ah al-'A'la'id al-'Ala'ah ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani said: Before this, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said , "The hadeeth of 'Ubadat al-'Aqaba al-Lama ba'i'i'l-Rasulullah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)." In short, Fath al-Bari Sharh Saheeh al-Bukhaari, Kitab al-Iman, chapter 11, Barakam 18, p. 84, vol. 1, p. 1.

Al-Jarimah wa'l-Aquba, p. 11.

Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa'adlatah al-Daqtoor wa'l-Daqatur wa'l-Hibta al-Zaha'ili, Dar-ul-Fikr al-Badmusq, al-Taba'at al-Rabaa, p. 5313, and 5314, vol. 7, al-Jarimah wa'l-Aquba fi al-Fiqh al-Islami l-Imam Muhammad Abu Zahra, Daral-Fikr al-'Arabi, p. 16, 17.

Imam Abi al-Hasan 'Ali b. Muhammad b. Habeeb al-Basri al-Mawardi , Tahaqiq Ahmad Ja'ad dar al-Hadeeth al-Qahrah, p. 325 , p . 1427-2006.

Akhtalf al-Ulama 'Ala Hudha al-'Aqubaat wa'l-Azrah bin'u min al-Tafseer:

Awla: The killing of al-Muharb wa'l-Muharb wa'l-Mu'lam wa'l-Khaz-e-Mala'l-Akhtalf al-'Ulama al-'A'la'ah al-'A'la'l-'A'wa'l-'A'wa'l-'A

Secondly, the killing of al-Muharb wa akhd al-maal al-akhtalf al-'ulama, the third of the scholars: The killing of the people, the killing of the people, the people of the world, the people of the world.

Thirdly, akhz-ul-maal badun al-qatal akhtalf al-'ulama al-'aa'i'l-'aa'ah opinions: Al-Shaafa'iyyah wa'l-Hanabla wa jamhoor al-fiqh'ah min al-hanafiyyah min al-hanafiyyah, al-khayyar l-imam ada al-nafi, wa'l-dhahab ilah al-malikiyyah, wa'ari al-zahariyyah al-imam bin al-aqabaat al-'aa'l-'aa'l-ma'ba'ah.

It is narrated that al-Akhaf al-Muharb al-Sabeel al-Badun al-Qatal wa Akhaz al-'Athaf al-'Ulama fi Ha'la'ah al-'Awba al-Nafi, and al-Fiqha'a al-Malikiyyah, and al-Fiqh al-Jani, and al-Sa'a'id al-Ba'a'i' al-Sa'id, and al-Shaafa'i'ah al-Fikharj, al-Ba'l-Buld al-'Ilaad, wa'l-Ta'la'a'l-Ta'ba'l-Wa'l-Ta'ba'l-Ta'ba'i' al-Ta'ba'l-Ta'ba'l-Ta'ba' al-Ta'ba'l-'A'la' al-'A'la' al-'A'la' and al-Fiqh al-Malikiyyah, and al-Fiqh'ah al-Malikiyyah, and al-Fiqh al-Ma'ni, and al-Sa'na'i, and al-Shaafa'i'ah al-Fi'a'i' al-Fi'a'id al-'A'la' al-'A'la'l-'A'la' al-'A'la' al-'Awwa'ah al-'A'la' al-'A'l-Fiqha'ah al-Malikiyyah, and al-Fiqh al-Maalikiyyah, and al-Fiqh al-Maalikiyyah, and al-Fiqh al-Ma'ni, and al-Shaafa'i' al-Fi

Akhrajna aan al-dinya wa wa saal ahlaha falsana min al-ahiya wilsona min al-mu'ti

So go to al-Sa'jan yuma lahaja ajabna wa qalana ja'a'a h min al-dinya

Tafseer al-Qurtabi, p. 153, vol. 3, Beirut, 1965, Tafseer ayatal-ahkam l-Muhammad Ali al-Saboni, pp. 390-399, vol. 1, al-Maktabat al-Haqaniyah al-Bushawar ; Ta'l-Adawi, Al-Tabaqat al-Awli, 1418--- 1997.

Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, p. 325.

Al-Jarimah wa'l-Aquba, p. 19.

Al-Shari'ah al-Jana'i al-Islami muqarna ba'l-qanoon al-muda'i, by 'Abd al-Qadir al-'Awda, p. 614, vol. 1, ta dar al-qatab al-arabi beirut.

Al-Haqaamfi 'Asol al-'Aqdiyyah wa Manahj al-Ahkam al-Qa'am al-Qa'di Burhan al-Din Ibrahim b. 'Ali b. Abi al-Qasim ibn Muhammad b. Farhon al-Maliki al-Madani, p. 156 , al-Jaz 2, Ta'l-Nashr Maktaba al-Kaliyat al-Azhariyyah al-Qahra , 1406-1986.

Self 1Lamraj, p. 288.

Self-realization.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, pp. 29-36 .

Al-Mu'jam al-Wasit.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 40.

Al-Taraq al-Hakamiyyah al-'Ab. al-Qayyim, p. 102, Beirut, Lebanon.

Al-Sajan wa Mujtabata fi al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah 1, p. 38.

Surah Al-Nissa Verse : 15.

Al-Ahkam al-Qur'an al-'AbakarMuhammad ibn 'Abd Allah, al-Babin al-'Arabi, al-Jaz al-Awwal, p.357.

Surah Ma'ida Verse: 33

Ahkam al-Qur'an ibnal-Arabi , p. 60 , vol. 2.

Narratedby Al-Bukhaari by Abu Hurairah, Kitab al-Salaah, Bab al-Ightsal, as-salam wa'rbatal-asir ayda fi al-masjid, barakam 462.

Al-Taraq al-Hakamiyyah, p. 102.

Commentary al-Hakam, p. 161.

Nafs al-Marja, p. 310, p. 2.

Al-Tariq al-Hakamiyyah, p. 101.

Commentary al-Hakam, p. 156, p. 2.

Al-Tariq al-Hakamiyyah, p. 100.

Commentary al-Hakam 161 j 2.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 108.

Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi from Habaz ibn Hakeem from Abu Ja'da, Kitab Sha'b al-Iman, Bab Ma Ja'a fi al-Ahkam, Barakam 1003, p. 251, Ta'ala 1408/1988.

Commentary al-Hakam, p. 322 .

Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, p. 344.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 74.

Commentary al-Hakam, pp. 158 and 255.

Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, p. 344.

Commentary al-Hakam, p. 299.

Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, p. 245.

Al-Taraq al-Hakamiyyah, p. 104.

Al-Shari'ah al-Jina'i al-Islami, p. 697 , p. 1.

Ibn'Umar, Kitab al-Hadid al-Da'iyyat and others, Barakam 3242, p. 167, vol. 3.

Commentary al-Hakam, p. 310.

Surah Al-Dahr Verse: 8

Al-Qur'an p. 150. .

(6) Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, p. 39, vol. 2, Dar-ul-Katab al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1407-1987.

Al-Bukhaari ibn 'Abd Allah (may Allah be pleased with him), fi Kitab al-Jahad wa'l-Sa'ir, fi Bab al-Qaswa al-Asari, Barakam 3008, p. 497.

Al-Qur'an p. 150.

Narrated by Abu Dawud ibn Shayb from Abu Ja'dah, Kitab al-Salaah, Bab Miti Yumar al-Ghulam Ba'l-Sallaah, Barakam 495. .

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 372.

Narrated by Muslim from Saheeh by Abu Hurairah , Kitab-ul-Qadr, Bab al-Iman ba'l-Qadr wa'l-Za'an, Barakam 2664 , p. 2025, p. 4.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, pp. 387-388.

Mu'ayinal-Hakam fi Ma'itrad bin al-Khasmin min al-Ahkam l-ImamAla'al-DinAb'i al-Hasan al-'Ali ibn Khalil al-Tarablisi al-Hanafi, p. 198, Sharqatal-Taba'ah wa'l-Taba'ah al-Basir, al-Taba'at al-Thaniyyah, 1399 A.H.

Al-Marja'i nafsa.

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) fi al-Da'wah min Khalal al-Sira al-Saheehah, al-Daqtoor Muhammad Amahzin, pp. 61-64, Dar-ul-Salam al-Taba'ah, Wal-Nashr, al-Taba'ah al-Raba'ah, 1429-2008.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 461.

Al-Bada'iyyah wa'l-Nihaiyyah l-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, p. 328, vol. 3, Maktabat al-Ma'riyyah, Beirut, 774 A.H. - 1980.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 462.

Al-Qur'an p. 135.

Saheeh al-Hisham ibn Hazzam, Kitab al-Bar wa'l-Salat wa'l-Manners, Bab-ul-Wa'id al-Shadid, vol. 4, p. 2017.

Ruh al-Bukhaari Kitab al-Baywa, Bab Isham min Ba'i Hira, Barakam 2227, p. 355.

Mu'ayn al-Hakam, p. 198, Sharqa'at-e-Maktabawa Ta'bah al-Basir, al-Tabaqat al-Thaniyyah, 1399 AH .

Nahro 'Abd al-Sabur Tantawi - Aquba al-Sajan wa Asma'aar fi Jabeen al-Bushraya.http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=189126

Al-Marja'i nafsa .

State of prisons by John Horward page7-25. http://books.google.com.pk a.ccessed date 20 -12 - 2012

State of prisons by John Horward page7-70.; Correction and Criminal Justice System by David C. May and Others page 241- 246. www.amazbooksson.com accessed date 22, 11 2012.; Criminology by John E.Conklin.page 425 - 436. , Fifth edition printed in the United State of America. Correction and Criminal Justice System by David C. May and Others page 241 - 246. www.amazbooksson.com accessed date 22, 11 2012.

(5): Crime and Criminology by Sue Titus Reid University of Tulsa page 479.

Nahrand 'Abd al-Sabur Tantawi - Aquba al-Sajan wa Asma'aar fi Jabeen al-Bushraya .

Crime and Criminology page 480.

Criminology by John E.Conklin.page 426.

Crime and Criminology, page 480, 481.

Ibid, page 480-483.

Nahro 'Abd al-Sabur Tantawi - Aquba al-Sajan wa Asma'aar fi Jabeen al-Bushraya.

Ahkam al-Jarimah wa'l-Aquba fi al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah Darasa al-Maqarna al-Lamhami al-Daktoor Muhammad Abu Hasan, p. 172, Maktaba al-Manar al-Zarqa'a al-Ardan, 1408/1987.

Crime and criminology page 490, 494, & 501,506.

Al-Janayat fi al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah al-Daqtoor Muhammad Rushdie Muhammad Isma'il Al-Astaaz Bajama'at al-Azhar, pp. 233-234.

Al-Shari'ah al-Jana'i al-Islami, vol. 1, pp. 732-743.

Crime and Criminology by Rohinton Mehta Published by Ketan Tharkar page 355-- 372. ؛ Crime and Criminality Causes and Consequences by Ronal D. Hunter Ital, page 19- 39 2nd edition London .؛ Theoretical Criminology by George B.Vold Ital, page 130 -141 .New York Oxford University Press 1986.

Al-Jarimah wa'l-Aquba, p. 13.

Fiqh al-Mutaqat, p. 236.

Correctional Methods Criminology page 455 - 473.by Freda Gerhard etal Laufer University of Pennsylvania.

Al-'A'itraf al-Rijal al-'A'riz al-'A'riz al-Fiqh al-Ghayta'iha wa'l-Ta'ilat wa'l-Tashilat, and he said:

“Despite these alleged changes, many authorities now recognize that prison system was often illusory; few real changes occurred and escapes and riots were increasing. As crime rates increased, rehabilitation was declared a failure. Sentences were lengthened, and prison populations strained prison capacity. As prison conditions deteriorated, federal courts became active in the prisoners’ rights movement; but prisoners remained”. (Crime and Criminology by Sue Titus Reid page 483).

Downloads

Published

2021-12-31

How to Cite

Khan, . D. W., Nadeem, D. M. T., & Khan, D. N. A. (2021). The Penalty of Imprisonment and the Rights of Prisoners in Islam and the West: A Comparative Study: عقوبة الحبس وحقوق السجناء في الإسلام و الغرب: دراسة مقارنة. Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities , 5(4), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.53575/a2.v5.04(21)15-30