ENGLISH-12 Unraveling Madrassa Reforms: Evaluating the Transformations during the Musharraf and Zia Eras in Pakistan
Keywords:
Madrassa Reforms, Zia Era, Musharaf Era, Transformation, Pakistan’s Education SystemAbstract
The purpose of this study is to interpret the dynamics that occurred in the madrassah reforms of Pakistan during the Musharraf and Zia eras and to assess the changes. Focusing on these specific periods makes it possible to analyze in detail the policies, initiatives, and achievements of the madrassa reforms carried out under the leadership of Generals Pervez Musharraf and Zia-ul-Haq. This paper uses a comprehensive literature review approach and analyzes various academic papers, books, and policy documents to understand the background, driving force, and impact of madrasah reforms during these times. This study aims to provide a differentiated understanding of the reform's impact on Pakistan's education system, religious discourse, and social dynamics by examining the positive and negative aspects of the reform. The study explores key goals and objectives pursued during the Musharraf and Zia era, including modernizing the madrasah curriculum, improving teacher qualifications, promoting financial transparency, and tackling potential links to extremism. the policy is being investigated. By critically evaluating the achievements, challenges, and unintended consequences of these reforms, this paper seeks to shed light on the complexities of Pakistan's madrassa institutional transformation.
References
Rehman, Mr Fida, and Mr Hashmat Ullah Khan. "The Role of Educational Institutions in Islamization, Social Reformation and National Integration in Pakistan." Journal of Religious Studies 1, No. 2 (2018).16-31.
Robinson, Francis. “Ottomans-Safavids-Mughals: Shared knowledge and connective systems." Journal of Islamic Studies 8, No. 2 (1997).151-184.
Ibid.
Uddin, Mohammad Hamid. History of Muslim Education (712-1750 AD), vol. 1. Karachi: Academy of Educational Research, 1967.75-80.
Iqbal, Abdul Rauf, and Sobia Raza. "Madrassa reforms in Pakistan: A historical analysis." ISSRA PAPERS 7, No. I (2015).67.
Bano, Masooda. The rational believer: Choices and decisions in the madrasas of Pakistan. Cornell University Press, 2012.97.
Puri, Nikhil Raymond. "The Pakistani madrassah and terrorism: made and unmade conclusions from the literature." Perspectives on Terrorism 4, No. 4 (2010).51-72
Moosa, Ebrahim. What is a Madrasa?. UNC Press Books, (2015).88.
Sajjad, Mohammad Waqas. "Madrasas in Pakistan: thinking beyond terrorism-based reforms." Strategic Studies 29, No. 4 (2009)68-90.
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.120.
Headlines of the two articles “British Businesses Are Funding Schools That Breed Terror” (Times, 10 August 2002) and “Inside Jihad University: The Education of a Holy Warrior” (New York Times Magazine, 25 June 2000)
Rahman, Tariq. "Madrassas: Religion, poverty and the potential for violence in Pakistan." IPRI JOURNAL 5, No.1 (2005).27-58.
Becker, Gary S. "Nobel lecture: The economic way of looking at behavior." Journal of political economy 101, No. 3 (1993).385-409.
Becker, Gary S. "The economic way of looking at life." (1993).80.
Bano, Masooda. The rational believer: Choices and decisions in the madrasas of Pakistan. Cornell University Press, 2012.42.
Bano, Masooda. "Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as ‘anchor’of educational reforms: lessons from Pakistan." Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2009 (2008).45.
Bano, Masooda. The rational believer: Choices and decisions in the madrasas of Pakistan. Cornell University Press, 2012.42-45.
Dogar, N. T. "Madrassa reforms: Problems and prospects." NDU Journal 23, No. 1 (2010).1-25.
Umar Farooq, “Falling Flat”, The Herald, July 2008, 57.
Govt of Pakistan, Ministry of Education, PC-1 Madrasa Reforms (Teaching of
Formal Subjects in Deeni Madaris), 2004
Bano, Masooda. "Beyond politics: The reality of a Deobandi madrasa in Pakistan." Journal of Islamic Studies 18, No.1 (2007).43-68.
Ibid.43-68.
Stern, Jessica. "Pakistan's jihad culture." Foreign Aff. 79 (2000): 115.
Bano, M. 2007a. Beyond Politics: Reality of a Deobandi Madrasah in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Studies 18(1).43–68
Nair, Padmaja. "The State and madrasas in India." (2009).80.
Nair, Padmaja. "The State and madrasas in India." (2009).130.
Sikand, Yoginder. "Reforming the Indian madrassas: contemporary Muslim voices." Religious radicalism and security in South Asia (2004).117-143.
Arthur, W. Brian. "Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events." The economic journal 99, No. 394 (1989).116-131.
